Bayreuth researchers develop new method for the technological use of 2D nanomaterials

The delamination process developed in Bayreuth under the direction of Prof. Dr. Josef Breu is characterised by the fact that the structures of the nanosheets isolated from each other remain undamaged. It also has the advantage that it can be used at normal room temperature. The researchers present their results in detail in "Science Advances".

The two-dimensional nanosheets, which lie on top of each other in layered crystals, are held together by electrostatic forces. In order for them to be used for technological applications, the electrostatic forces must be overcome, and the nanosheets detached from each other. A method particularly suitable for this is osmotic swelling, in which the nanosheets are forced apart by water and the molecules and ions dissolved in it. So far, however, it has only been possible to apply it to a few types of crystals, including some clay minerals, titanates, and niobates. For the group of zeolites, however, whose nanosheets are highly interesting for the production of functional membranes due to their silicate-containing fine structures, the mechanism of osmotic swelling did not seem to be applicable so far.

The Bayreuth research team has now, for the first time in interdisciplinary collaboration, found a way to use osmotic swelling for the gentle separation of Ilerite crystals, which belong to the group of zeolites. In the process, large sugar molecules are first inserted into the narrow spaces between the nanosheets. Subsequently, the nanosheets, which are stacked on top of each other and structurally aligned, are separated by water. In the process, their spacing becomes considerably larger. Now the nanosheets can be pushed further apart horizontally in different directions: Upon subsequent drying, a solid surface is created that is composed of many nanosheets. These are stacked like playing cards, overlapping only at the edges and leaving only a few gaps. The diameter of the individual nanosheets is around 9,000 times greater than their thickness.

This now opens up the possibility of fixing a larger number of such surfaces on top of each other and building up new layered materials. The point of this process is that the nanostructures of the surfaces in the new material are offset from each other. Consequently, their gaps are not exactly on top of each other, so that molecules, ions, or even light signals cannot penetrate the new material directly. This labyrinthine overall structure enables a wide range of potential applications – be it in packaging used to keep food fresh, in components for optoelectronics, and possibly even in batteries.

Research funding:
The research was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Elite Network Bavaria as part of the "Macromolecular Science" elite study programme at the University of Bayreuth.

Publication:
Patrick Loch et al.: Nematic suspension of a microporous layered silicate obtained by forceless spontaneous delamination via repulsive osmotic swelling for casting high-barrier all-inorganic films. Science Advances (2022), DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn9084